exercises study two: Immediate Inference
Exercise 2.1 Immediate Inferences
Instructions: Choose the letter for the most correct answer from the list for each of the following items. For any instance of “ j “ (None of the Above) provide the correct answer.
ITEMS STATEMENTS
1 The forms A(ab) and E(ab) are opposed as _____ meaning they cannot be true together but may both be false.
2 The forms I and O are opposed as _____ meaning they cannot both be false but may both be true.
3 The forms A(ab) and I(ab) can both be true or both be false meaning they are _____.
4 The relationship between the forms E and I is called _____.
5 If from for E(ab), we conclude E(ba), the inference is called _____.
6 _____ for the form O(ab) is not valid.
7 The form A(ab) implies A(b' a') by _____.
8 The form A(ab) implies E(a'b') by _____.
9 The inference A(ab) < A(ba) is _____.
10 The inference E(ab) < I(b'a') is _____.
11 The inference A(ab) < I(ba) is _____.
12 The inference I(ab) < I(b' a') is _____.
13 The strongest opposition between two forms is _____.
14 The _____ E(ab) and O(ab) are both false when A(ab) is true.
15 _____ is valid for each of the four forms.
Instructions: Choose the letter for the most correct answer from the list for each of the following items. For any instance of “ j “ (None of the Above) provide the correct answer.
- a. contradiction
- b. contraposition
- c. contraries
- d. conversion
- e. invalid
- f. obversion
- g. subcontraries
- h. subalterns
- I. valid
- j. none of the above
ITEMS STATEMENTS
1 The forms A(ab) and E(ab) are opposed as _____ meaning they cannot be true together but may both be false.
2 The forms I and O are opposed as _____ meaning they cannot both be false but may both be true.
3 The forms A(ab) and I(ab) can both be true or both be false meaning they are _____.
4 The relationship between the forms E and I is called _____.
5 If from for E(ab), we conclude E(ba), the inference is called _____.
6 _____ for the form O(ab) is not valid.
7 The form A(ab) implies A(b' a') by _____.
8 The form A(ab) implies E(a'b') by _____.
9 The inference A(ab) < A(ba) is _____.
10 The inference E(ab) < I(b'a') is _____.
11 The inference A(ab) < I(ba) is _____.
12 The inference I(ab) < I(b' a') is _____.
13 The strongest opposition between two forms is _____.
14 The _____ E(ab) and O(ab) are both false when A(ab) is true.
15 _____ is valid for each of the four forms.
Exercise 2.2: Validity of Immediate Inferences
Instructions: Use the Chart 2.1: Euler Circles (aka Clark Chart). For each Item determine the validity or invality of the implication. Use “V” for valid; “I” for invalid. An implication or inference is valid when the form of the conclusion is true Every Time the form of the premise is true; otherwise, invalid.
ITEMS STATEMENTS
1. A(ab) < E(ab' )
2. A(ab) < I(ab)
3. A(ab) < O(ab' )
4. E(ab) < A(ab' )
5. E(ab) < I(a' b)
6. E(ab) < O(ab)
7. I(ab) < A(ab)
8. I(ab) < E(a' b' )
9. I(ab) < O(ab' )
10. O(ab) < A(ab' )
11. O(ab) < E(a' b' )
12. O(ab) < I(ab')
Instructions: Use the Chart 2.1: Euler Circles (aka Clark Chart). For each Item determine the validity or invality of the implication. Use “V” for valid; “I” for invalid. An implication or inference is valid when the form of the conclusion is true Every Time the form of the premise is true; otherwise, invalid.
ITEMS STATEMENTS
1. A(ab) < E(ab' )
2. A(ab) < I(ab)
3. A(ab) < O(ab' )
4. E(ab) < A(ab' )
5. E(ab) < I(a' b)
6. E(ab) < O(ab)
7. I(ab) < A(ab)
8. I(ab) < E(a' b' )
9. I(ab) < O(ab' )
10. O(ab) < A(ab' )
11. O(ab) < E(a' b' )
12. O(ab) < I(ab')
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